Difference between C3 and C4 plants.

Difference between C3 and C4 plants.

C3 plants :-

० Found in all photosynthetic plants.

० Plants that use the cycle can be hydrophytic, mesophytic and xerophytic.

० Photoactive Stomata.

० High rate of Photorespiration.

० Normal Leaf anatomy.

० For the synthesis of glucose molecule or 6CO2 fixation : 12 NADPH and 18 ATPs are required.

० Single CO2 fixation occurs.

० Primary CO2 atmospheric acceptor RUBP.

० First stable product 3PGA.

० First enzyme involved RUBISCO.

० Carbon dioxide compensation point: 30-70PPM.

 C4 Plants :-

० Only in tropical plants.

० Plants that use the cycle can be mesophytic.

० Photoactive Stomata.

० Photorespiration: less or negligible.

० Kranz anatomy.

० 12 NADPH and 30 ATPs are required.

० Double carbon dioxide fixation.

० Atmosphere Co2 acceptor- PEP(In mesophyll cell) and Metabloic Co2 acceptor-RUBP(In bundle sheath cell).

० First stable product OAA (Oxalo acetic acid).

० First enzyme involved PEP Carboxylase.

० CO2 compensation point: 10PPM.
FOREST UTILISATION

FOREST UTILISATION


Botanical name of vetiver oil is Vetivera zizanioides.

Palmrosa grass oil is known as Geraniol.

Eg. of leaf tans are Anogeissus latifoila and Carissa spinarum.

Eg. of fruit tans used for commercial utilization is Terminalia cheubla, Terminalia bellirica, Embilica officinalia and Acacia nilotica.

Terminalia cheubla fruit tans is commercially called as Myrobalans.

Eg. of bark tans :- Acacia nilotica, Cassia auriculata, Cassia fistula and Shorae robusta.

The gum resin gamboges is obtained from Garcinia morella.

Black dammer is Canaricum strictum.

Rock dammer is Hopea odorata.

White dammer (vellapine) is Vetaria indica.

The Indian copal tree is Vetaria indica.

Green dammer is Shorea thamuggaia.

The regularly tapping resin tree is Pinus roxburghii (Chir pine).

The blue pine (kail) tree is Pinus wallichiana.

Khasi pine is Pinus kesiya.

Acacia gum is commercially called as Gum Arabic.

The Indian gum Arabic or blue gum is Acacia nilotica.

Bengal kino (palas) is obtained from Butea monosperma.

Khair tree is Acacia catechu.

Persian lilac tree is Melia azadirachta.

Indian kapok (semul) tree is Bombax ceiba.

Stem fibre is commercially extracted by retting method.

For manufacturing of gunny bags which fibre yielding plants is being used in India :- 
Corchorus capsularis and Corchorus clitorius.

White fibre or true hemp of commerce is a commercial name of Cannabis sativa.

Sunhemp is extracted from Crotalaria juncea.

Manila hemp is a commercial name of Musa textilis and it is indigenous to Philippines but extensively cultivated in India.

Palmrosa oil is the product of rosha grass Cymbopogon martini.

Two important variety of Cymbopogon martini is Motia and Sofia.

Scientific name of kusum tree is Schleichera oleosa.

Karanj oil is extracted from Pongamia pinnata.

The principle colouring matter of the seeds of Bixa orellana :- Bixin.

The kamela fruit dye of commerce is obtained from Mallotus philippensis.

A popular flower dye is obtained from the well - known dhak or palas Butea monosperma.

National Newsprint and Paper Mills established at Nepanagar.

The chief constituents of the heartwood of Acacia chundra is Catechin (Katha) and Catechu tannic acid (Cutch).

The improved method of Katha and Cutch extraction is factory method.

Lac is a valuable resin secreted by the lac insect is Laccifer lacca.

Commercial host for lac insect :- Butea monosperma (Palas), Zizyphus mauratina (Ber) and Schleichera oleosa (Kusum).

Best quality lac is produced from Schleichera oleosa (kusum).

The lac larvae come out from the lac encrustrations in large numbers and the phenomena is called as swarming.

Two distinct strains of lac insect in India is Kusum and Rangeeni.

Rangeeni contributes to nearly 80 – 90 % of the country’s production.

The Indian Lac Research Institute is situated at Namkun (Bihar).

Two important product is obtained from pines is Turpentine and Resin.

Resin is obtained from pine tree by tapping method.

The method of tapping commonly adopted is the French one is called Cup and Lip method.

The new method of resin tapping is rill method.

The wood is partially burnt or carbonized and the residue left behind is known as Charcoal.

Lac is a resinous secretion of insects.

Udal fibre is a soft fibre.

The mature lac is otherwise called as brood lac.

Felling cycle for bamboo is 3 - 4 years.

Gall tan is obtained from Tamarix sp.

Shellack is obtained from Laccifera lacca (insect).

The commercial name of Canes is Rattans.

The quality of lemon grass oil is judged mainly by Citral.

Citronella oil is obtained from Cymbopogan nardus.

The chief constituent of sandalwood oil is Santalol.

The chief constituent of oil is obtained from Citrus limonia is Citral.

Veteria indica (vellapine) seeds yield a solid oil known as piney tallow.

Shorea robusta is commonly called as Sal.

Waxes are usually found on the epidermis leaves and fruits.

Terminalia arjuna yields tannin content in bark is 20 – 24 per cent.

The resin exuded by Shorea robusta (Sal) is known as Ral.

Vetiver oil is also called as khus oil.

Mint oil is obtained from Mentha arvensis.

Read more articles Vist Our Telegram account 
Agroforestry Introduction for B.Sc. Agriculture

Agroforestry Introduction for B.Sc. Agriculture

० The oldest known agroforestry system is shifting cultivation.

० Basic set of elements or components of agroforestry are tree, crops, animals.

० Silvi-agriculture refers to growing trees along with agricultural crops.

० Tree planted in silvi-agriculture should be oriented in the East West direction.

० “The Journal of Agroforestry Today” is published from Kenya.

० Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute is located at Jhansi.

० The ratio of height and spacing in a shelterbelt is 1 : 10.

० Hedgerow intercropping is otherwise called as alley cropping.

० Rotation of aerable crops with two or more years of sown pasture is called as lay farming.

० In north eastern hill region, shifting cultivation is called as Jhum.

० Most common agroforestry system practiced in arid regions are Agrisilvicultural Systems.

० Based on temporal arrangement of agroforestry system, “home garden” is the example of interpolated.

० Tree planted in silvi-agriculture should be oriented in the East West direction.

० Nitrogen fixing non-leguminous tree Casuarina.

० Protection forestry practice is not included in the scope of social forestry.

० Farm forestry programmes is purely managed by private efforts.

० A major cause of soil erosion is deforestation.

० An agroforestry system always has two or more outputs.

० The cycle of an agroforestry system is always more than one year.

० Normally an agroforestry system is more complex ecologically and economically than a monocropping system.

० The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture is established at Ibadan (Nigeria).

० The Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute is located at Jhansi.

० Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute is at Dehradun.

० India has been classified into 8 agroecological regions.

० The shifting cultivation is called “Podu” in the Andhra Pradesh and Odissa.

० Taungya is a Burmese word.

० Taungya system was introduced into India by Brandis.

० Taungya is a modified form of shifting cultivation.

० Home garden is a subsystem of agrosilvopasture.

० Home garden is highly suitable for humid/sub humid region.

० Generally shelter belt assumes the shape of triangle.

० Energy plantation is established for fuel wood production.

० Waste land is the land with < 20 % productivity.

० K.M. Munshi initiated Van Mahostava.

० Vanamahostava was started in 1950.

० The first state to create separate Social Forestry wing was Maharastra.

० A silvopastoral system is widely practiced in dry areas.

० The home garden is widely practiced in high rainfall areas.

० Primary function of most of the home garden is food production.

० The characteristic of home gardens is high species diversity.

० The freshly cut wood contains about 23 – 25 % of moisture content.

० Benefit sharing concept is a core objective in Joint Forest Management (JFM).

० The major species used for planting on tank bed is Acacia nilotica.

० Heliotropic type of branching should be preferred for roadside planting.

० In Social Forestry, the peoples representative body is called as Village Forest Council (VFC).

० Allelopathy is the best example for Amensalism.

० The competition is also referred as allelospoly.

० The unit of management under JFM is a village.

० TCIP stands for “Tree Cultivation Incentive Programme”.

० JFMC stands for “Joint Forest Management Committee”.

० FDA stands for “Forest Development Agency”.

० NAP stands for “National Afforestation Programme”.

० The taungya is a Burmese word coined in Burma in 1850.

० The production of woody perennial combined with annuals and pastures is known as agrisilvopastural system.

० Home garden is practiced extensively in the state of Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

० Home garden can also be called as multi-tier system.

० The primary function of home garden is food production.

० Various trees and shrubs preferred by fish are planted on the boundry and around fish ponds are called as aqua forestry.

० The broad and well known classification of agroforestry systems was given by Nair.

० A common example of the zonal pattern of agroforestry is home gardens.

० Integration of various farm enterprises in farming system is called as Integrated Farming System (IFS).

० Phytoplankton and Zooplankton are major food for fishes.

० The main host plant of silk worm is mulberry.

० The hydrological unit that drains at a common point is called watershed.

० The drainage area of catchments is more than one lakh ha.

० The continuous circulation of water among the hydrosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere is called as hydrological cycle.

० The drainage area of sub watershed is 2000 – 4000 ha.

० The drainage area of a mini watershed is 400 – 2000 ha.

० The drainage area of a micro watershed is < 400 ha.

० The process of taking up nutrients from deeper soil profiles and depositing them on the surface layer is referred to nutrient pumping.

० NWDB classified wastelands into 2 types.

० Tree selected for Agroforestry should have deep root system, nitrogen fixing and leaf fall in winter.

० The main criteria for good Agroforestry desing are productivity, sustainability and adoptability.

Thanks For Visiting 
पशु परिचर भर्ती के लिए विशेष..

पशु परिचर भर्ती के लिए विशेष..


पशु परिचर की तैयारी करने वाले सभी साथियों को नमस्कार।

जैसा कि आप सभी को पता है कि राजस्थान कर्मचारी चयन बोर्ड जयपुर द्वारा पशु परिचर भर्ती की विज्ञप्ति जारी की जा चुकी है 

पदों के संख्या -5934 

योग्यता- 10 वी पास

इस भर्ती के सिलेबस में दो भाग निम्न प्रकार से है

भाग अ- राजस्थान का सामान्य ज्ञान, सामान्य विज्ञान व गणित (70%)

भाग ब- पशुपालन का ज्ञान (30%)