संयुक्त प्रवेश परीक्षा 'जेट' 14 मई 2023 को / JET exam Date Release 14 May 2023

संयुक्त प्रवेश परीक्षा 'जेट' 14 मई 2023 को / JET exam Date Release 14 May 2023

संयुक्त प्रवेश परीक्षा 'जेट' 14 मई को

जोधपुर कृषि विश्वविद्यालय के प्रशासनिक कार्यालय में सोमवार को प्रदेश के सभी कृषि विश्वविद्यालयों तथा राज. पशु विज्ञान एवं चिकित्सा विश्वविद्यालय बीकानेर में स्नातक, स्नातकोत्तर तथा पीएचडी में प्रवेश के लिए संयुक्त प्रवेश परीक्षा 2023 के आयोजन के लिए बैठक की जाएगी। बैठक की अध्यक्षता कुलपति प्रो बी आर चौधरी ने की।

बैठक की चर्चा के बाद जेट परीक्षा 14 मई को प्रदेश के विभिन्न केन्द्रों पर कराने का निर्णय किया गया। बैठक में सभी कृषि विवि के प्रतिनिधियों के अलावा कृषि विश्वविद्यालय जोधपुर के संकायध्यक्ष डॉ. सीताराम कुम्हार, निदेशक छात्र कल्याण डॉ. वीरेन्द्र सिंह, परीक्षा नियंत्रक डॉ मनमोहन सुंदरिया आदि ने भाग लिया।

IBPS AFO RESULT OUT Now

IBPS AFO RESULT OUT Now

IBPS AFO RESULT OUT


click here



Multicoloured Linen Sarees with Blouse Piece
Multicoloured Linen Sarees with Blouse Piece

Fabric: Linen

Type: Saree with Blouse piece

Saree Length : 5.5 (in metres)

Blouse Length 0.8 (in metres)

Returns:  Within 7 days of delivery. No questions asked

⚡⚡ Hurry, 8 units available only


 🆕 Avail 100% cashback on all your orders in MyShopPrime Wallet

💸 Use 5% flat off on all prepaid orders

Hi, check out this collection available at best price for you.💰💰 If you want to buy any product, message me

FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022 Out

FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022 Out


FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022 Out

Food Corporation of India has released the FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022 on 21st December 2022 on the official website ( https://fci.gov.in ). FCI Assistant Exam is scheduled to be held on 1st, 7th, 14th, 21st, and 29th of January 2023. Candidates who are preparing for FCI Assistant Exam 2022 must save this page for the latest updates regarding FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card. Bookmark SSCADDA for latest job Notifications.

FCI Admit Card
In this article, we are providing you with the FCI Admit Card Release Date with the direct link to download the FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022. Candidates who have successfully applied for the post of FCI Assistant Grade 3 2022 can download their FCI Assistant Admit Card 2022 as it is released on the official website.



FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card 2022
Overview
FCI Assistant Grade 3 Admit Card is out on the official website i.e. 21st December 2022. Check the below table for FCI Assistant Admit Card 2022 details for the convenience of candidates which include the name of the organization, exam name, exam type, mode of exam, etc.



ORGANIC FARMING Related most important Points

ORGANIC FARMING Related most important Points

 ORGANIC FARMING 

The term "Organic' was first used by Northbourne (1940) is his book 'Look to the Land.

Australia is the leading organic farming country in the world.

Sikkim is the leading organic farming state in the India.

Biodynamic farming and natueco farming are the method of organic farming.

Rudolf Steiner is the father of biodynamic farming. 

In India organic foods are produced as per standard of NSOP.

NSOP stands for National Standard for Organic Production.

NAB (National Accreditation Body) is the Apex body of organic certification in India.

National centre for organic farming (NCOF) is located at Ghaziabad, U.P.

National project on organic farming (NPOF) started in year 2004.

Association for Promotion of Organic Products (APOP) is located at Bangalore.

कुछ फसलों  के उत्पत्ति स्थल ( Origen Place of Some Crops )

कुछ फसलों के उत्पत्ति स्थल ( Origen Place of Some Crops )

कुछ फसलों  के उत्पत्ति स्थल

● धान -- दक्षिणी पूर्वी एशिया / इंडो बर्मा 

● गन्ना -- न्यू गिन्नी (क्यूबा )

● गेहूँ -- दक्षिण पश्चिम एशिया 

● चना -- दक्षिण पश्चिम एशिया

● मक्का ,तम्बाकू ,सूरजमुखी -- मैक्सिको 

● आलू ,टमाटर -- पेरू 

● मूंगफली -- ब्राजील 

● मूंग ,कपास , बैगन -- भारत 

● सोयाबीन ,सरसो,चाय -- चीन 

● बाजरा ,ज्वार ,चवला ,अरहर -- अफ्रीका
कृषि के अंतर्गत आने वाले सभी पेड़ - पौधों के वानस्पतिक नाम ( Agriculture under all trees and plants botanical name)

कृषि के अंतर्गत आने वाले सभी पेड़ - पौधों के वानस्पतिक नाम ( Agriculture under all trees and plants botanical name)

कृषि के अंतर्गत आने वाले सभी पेड़ - पौधों के वानस्पतिक नाम ( Agriculture under all trees and plants botanical name)

1. टमाटर - लाइकोपर्सिकम  एस्कुलेन्टम
कुल- सोलेनेसी

2. बैगन - सोलेनम मेलोन्जीना
कुल- सोलेनेसी

3.मिर्च - कैप्सिकम स्पेशीज
कुल- सोलेनेसी

4.फूलगोभी- ब्रेसिका ओलेरेसिया व्रोट्राइटिस
कुल - क्रूसीफेरी या ब्रेसीकेसी

5.बन्दगोभी - ब्रेसिका ओलेरेसिया कैपीटाटा
कुल- क्रूसीफेरी

6.गॉठगोभी- ब्रेसिका ओलेरेसिया 
कुल - क्रूसीफेरी

7.भिण्डी - अवेलमोस्कस एस्कुलेन्टस 
कुल - मालवेसी

8.प्याज - एलिएम सैपा
कुल - लिलिएसी

9.लहसुन - एलियम सेटाइवम
कुल - ऐमरलिडेसी

10.गाजर - डौकस कैरोटा
कुल- अमवैलीफेरी

11.मूली -  रेफेनस सैटाइवस
कुल - क्रूसीफेरी

12.शलजम - ब्रेसिका रैपा
कुल- क्रूसीफेरी

13. चुकन्दर - बीटा बुल्गेरिस
कुल - चीनोपोडियेसी

14.मटर - पाइसम सेटाइवम
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी या फेबेसी

15. ग्वार - साइमोप्सिस टेट्रागोनोलोबा 
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

16.सेम - डॉलीकस लवलव
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

17.लोबिया - विग्ना अनग्यूकूलेटा
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

18.पालक - बीटा बलोरिस
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

19.मैथी - ट्राइगोनेला फीनस
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

20.चौलाई - एमरेन्थस
कुल - एमरेन्थसी

21.राजमा या फ्रेन्चबीन - फेलियोलस बुल्गेरिस
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

22.लौकी - लेजीनेरिया सिसनेरिया
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

23.तोरई - लूफा एक्येगुला
कुल- कुकुरबिटेसी

24.कद्दू - कुकुरबिटा मौसचेटा
कुल- कुकुरबिटेसी

25.करेला - मेमोर्डिका चेरेंटिका
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

26.तरबूज - सिदलस लेनेटस
कुल- कुकुबिटेसी

27. खरबूज - कुकुमिस मेलो
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

28. टिन्डा  - सिटलस लेटेनस
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

29.ककड़ी - कुकुबिटा मीली युटीलिसियम
कुल- कुकुरबिटेसी

30.खीरा - कुकुरबिटा सेटाइवस
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

31.शकरकन्द - आईपोमिया बटाटा
कुल - कौनवोलवुलेसी

32.आलू - सोलेनम ट्यूबरोसम
कुल - सोलेनेसी

33.आम - मेन्जीफेरा इंडिका
कुल - एनाकार्डिएसी

34.अमरूद - साइडियम ग्वाजावा
कुल- मायरटेसी

35.ऑवला - एमब्लिका ऑफीसिनेलिस
कुल -यूफोरविएसी

36.नीबू - सिट्रसओ रेन्टीफोलिया
कुल - रूटेसी

37.अंगूर - विटिस विनीफैरा
कुल - बिटेसी

38.पपीता - कैरीका पपाया
कुल - कैरीकेसी

39.बेर - जिजिफस जुजुबा अथवा जिजिफस मौरीटियाना
कुल - रैमनेसी

40.बेल - एजिल मारमेलोज
कुल - रूटेसी

41.केला - मूसा पैराडाइसिएका 
म्यूजेसी

42.हल्दी - कुरकुमा लौगा
कुल  - जिन्जिबेरेसी

43.अदरक - जिन्जीबर ऑफिसिनेल
कुल - जिन्जिबेरेसी

44.हींग - फेरूला ऐसाफोइटिडा
कुल - एपिऐसी

45.पुदीना - मेन्था पिपरेटा
कुल - लेमिऐसी

46.लौग - साइजियम एरोमेटिकम्
कुल - मिरटेसी

47.इलाइची - इलिटेरिया कोडेर्मोमम
कुल - जिन्जिबिरेसी

48.धानियां - कोरिन्ड्रम सेटाइवस
कुल-एपिऐसी

49.सौंफ - फोनीकुल्म वल्गर
कुल - एपिएसी

50.जीरा - क्युमिनस् सायमिनस
कुल - एपीएसी

51.केसर - क्रोकस सेटाइवस 
कुल -इरिडेसी

52.जामुन - शायजियम क्यूमिनी
कुल - मिरटेसी

53.तरबूज - सिर्टुँलस लेटेनस
कुल - कुकुरबिटेसी

54.सेब - पाइरस मैलस
कुल - रोजेसी

55.नाशपाती - पाइरस पाइरिफोलिया
कुल - रोजेसी(Rosaceae)

56.शहतूत - मोरस् एल्बा
कुल- मोरेसी

57.पीपल - पाइपर लौगंम
कुल - मोरेसी

58.नारियल - कोकोस न्यूसीफेरा
कुल - एरिकेसी

59.चाय - केमेलिया साइनेसिस
कुल - थिऐसी

60.कॉफी - कॉफिया अरेबिका
कुल - रूबिऐसी

61.सनाय - केसिया आंगीटफोलिया
कुल -

62.सर्पगंन्धा - रौवांल्फिया सपेर टाइना
कुल - एपोसाइनेसी

63.अश्वगंन्धा - विथेनिया सोमनीफेरा
कुल - सोलेनेसी

64.कुनैन - सिनकोना केलीसाया
कुल - रूबिएसी

65.मौलसरी - माइम् सोप्स इलंगी
कुल - सेपोटेसी

66.सिंघाड़ा - ट्रापा नाटांस 
कुल - लाइथ्रेसी

67.कमल - निलम्वो न्यूसीफेरा
कुल - निलम्वोनेसी

68.अशोक - सारेका इण्डिका
कुल - सीजलपीनिएसी

69.अर्जुन - टरमीनेलिया अर्जुन
कुल - कोम्ब्रीटेसी

70.घीक्वार - एलोय बारबिडेसिस
कुल - लिलिएसी

71.अमलतास - केसिआ फिटूला 
कुल - सीजलपीनिएसी

72.ब्रायोफीलम - ब्रायोफिलम पिन्नेटम
कुल - क्रेसुलेसी

73.कंघी - एब्यूटीलोन इण्डीकम्
कुल - मालवेसी

74.सदाबहार - केथेरेन्थस रोजियम
कुल - एपोसाइनेसी

75.चिरचिटा - एकारेन्थस एस्पेरा
कुल - एमेरेन्थेसी

76.अरण्ड - रिसिनस कोम्यूनस
कुल -यूफोरबियेसी

77.पान - पाइपर बेटल
कुल - पाइपेरेसी

78.आक - कलोट्रोपिस प्रोसेरा
कुल - एसक्लीपिएडेसी

79.यूकेलिप्टस- यूकेलिप्टस गलोब्यूलस
कुल - माइरटेसी

80.गन्ना - सेकेरम् ऑफीसीनेरम
कुल - ग्रेमिनी या पोयसी

81.सूरजमुखी - हेलीऐन्थस एनस
कुल - एस्टरेसी (Asteraceae)

82.चना - सिसर एरिटिनम
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी (Leguminaseae)

83. मूंगफली - अरैकिस हाईपोजिया
कुल - लेग्यूमिनेसी

84.सोयाबीन - ग्लाइसिन मैक्स
कुल - लेग्यू। 

नोट :- अगर आपको हमारी ब्लॉग अच्छी लगी हो तो अपने साथी छात्र छात्राओं को सांझा करे।

धन्यवाद 🙏
Agricultural Research Institutes ( कृषि अनुसंधान केन्द्र ) के पूरे नाम और स्थान।

Agricultural Research Institutes ( कृषि अनुसंधान केन्द्र ) के पूरे नाम और स्थान।

Agri Notes By Sutharagripoint 

Agricultural Research Institutes ( कृषि अनुसंधान केन्द्र ) के पूरे नाम और स्थान।

CARI :- Central Agriculture Research Institute, Port Blair (Andaman & Nicobar )

CAZRI :- Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur (Rajasthan),1959

CIAH :- Central Institute of Arid Horticulture, Bikaner(Raj.)

CIAE :- Central Institute of Agriculture Engineering, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh)

CICR :- Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur (Maharashtra)

CIPHET :- Central Institute of post - Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana (Punjab)

CRIDA :- Central Research Institute for Dry land Agriculture, Hyderabad (AP),1985

CRIJAF :- Central Research Institute for jute & Allied Fiber, Barrackpore, WB.

CRRI :- Central Rice Research  Institute, Cuttack (Orissa)

CSSRI :- Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal (Haryana)

CSWCRTI :- Central Soil And Water Conservation Research And Training Institute, Dehradun (Uttrakhand)

CTRI :- Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh)

IASRI :- indian Agriculture Statistics Research Institute, Pusa (New Delhi)

IGFRI :- Indian Grassland & Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi.

IGSI :- Indian Grain Storage Institute, Hapor, U.P in  1958

IIPR :- Indian institute of Pulse Research , Kanpur,(UP

IISR :- Indian institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow, (UP)

ILRI :- Indian Lac Research Institute , Ranchi (Jharkhand)

IIVR :- India Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh)

NIRJAFT :- National institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fiber Technology, Calcutta(West Bengal)

SBI :- Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore (TN)

VPKAS :- Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan , Almora (UK)

नोट: - अगर आपको हमारी ब्लॉग अच्छी लगी हो तो अपने साथी छात्र छात्राओं से भी सांझा करे।

धन्यवाद 🙏
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS

MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS 

 IMPORTANT EXAMPLES 

1) BRASSICACEAE [ CRUCIFERAE ]
• Mustard
• Raddish
• Cauliflower 
• Cabbage
• Turnip

2) FABACEAE 
• Gram
• Soyabean
• Sesbania
• Muliathi
• Arhar
• Groundnut
• Trifolium
• Moong
• Indigofera
• Lupin
• Sem
• Sunhemp
• Sweet pea

3) SOLANACEAE 
• Potato
• Belladona ( Datura ) 
• Makoi
• Tomato
• Ashwagandha
• Brinjal
• Tobacco
• Chilli
• Petunia

4) LILIACEAE 
• Lily
• Tulip
• Gloriosa
• Aloe 
• Asparagus
• Colchicum
• Allium ( Onion )
Propagation by specialized plant parts

Propagation by specialized plant parts

Propagation by specialized plant parts

i) Rhizome: It refers to the specialized stem structure in which the main axis of the plant grows
horizontally at or just below the ground level. e.g., Bamboos, ginger, turmeric.

ii) Offset: It refers to the special type of lateral shoots or branch which develops from the main stem in certain plants and is characterized by shortened and thickened stem. e.g., Date palm, pineapple.

iii) Sucker: Sucker refers to the shoots that arise from an adventious bud or roots of a plant at below ground. E. g., Dalbergia sissoo. 

iv) Bulb: Bulb is a specialized underground organ consisting of a short, fleshy vertical stem axis bearing at its apex as a growing point. e.g., Onion, lily.

v) Corm: The swollen base of a stem axis enclosed by the dry, scale-like leaves is called as corm.
It is a solid stem structure with distinct nodes and internodes. e.g., Gladiolus, elephant yam.

vi) Tuber: It is a modified stem structure which develops below the ground as a result of swelling of the sub-apical portion of a stolen and subsequent accumulation of reserve materials. Eg, Potato, Jerusalem artichoke.

vi) Runner: Runner is a specialized stem which develops from the axis of the leaf at the crown of the plant. This grows horizontally along the ground. E.g., Mentha spp.

6) Micro propagation: Micro or in vitro propagation refers to the development of new plants from very small pieces of plants in an artificial medium under aseptic conditions.
CLIMATE CHANGE TERMINOLOGIES

CLIMATE CHANGE TERMINOLOGIES

CLIMATE CHANGE TERMINOLOGIES

Greenhouse Effect: 
Greenhouse gases act like a blanket around Earth, trapping energy in the atmosphere and causing it to warm. This phenomenon of trapping and build-up of heat in the atmosphere (troposphere) near the Earth's surface is called the greenhouse effect and is natural and necessary to support life on Earth. Some of the heat flowing back towards space from the Earth's surface is absorbed by water vapour, carbon dioxide, ozone and several other gases in the atmosphere and then reradiated back towards the Earth's surface. If the atmospheric concentrations of these greenhouse gases rise, the average temperature of the lower atmosphere will gradually increase.

Greenhouse Gas (GHG)
Any gas that absorbs infrared radiation in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH), nitrous oxide (N₂O), ozone (O3). chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride.

Global Warming

It refers to the recent and ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface. It is caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change. However, global warming itself represents only one aspect of climate change.
Diseases In Fruits Due To Deficiency

Diseases In Fruits Due To Deficiency

Diseases In Fruits Due To Deficiency

1.Dieback in Lemon:-Copper (Cu)

2.Little Leaf in Lemon:-Copper (Cu)

3.Yellow Spot Disorder in Lemon:-Molybdenum (Mb)

4.Internal Necrocin in Annola:-Boron (Bo)

5.Little Leaf in Mango & Brinjal:-Zinc (Zn)

6.Millerandge Disorder in Grapes:-Boron (Bo)

7.Water Core in Banana :-Due to Particles of Ice & Deposition of Sorbitol

8.Bronzing in Guava:-Zinc (Zn)

9.Scorching (Burning of Leaves) in Mango:-Potassium (K) & Excess of Chloride in Water

10.Internal Necrocin in Mangoes:-Boron (Bo)

11.Scorching in Litchi:-Potassium (K)

12.Black Tip in Mango:-SO2Gas from Kiln

13.Bunchy Disease in Peanut :-Zinc (Zn)
Integrated nutrient management

Integrated nutrient management

Integrated nutrient management

INM is a well - accepted approach for the sustainable management of :- Soil productivity 

Farm yard manure is :- Balanced food for plants

Phosphorus is essential for :- Cell division & Development of meristematic tissue

Nitrogen is taken by the plants in the form of :- Nitrate

Which of the following plants are used as bio-pesticides :- Neem & Turmeric

Brown manuring a recent approach of weed control which is mostly used in :- Direct seeded rice

Which of the following type of fertilizers mostly exported from our country :- Nitrogenous

Dolomite powder is applied in some Agricultural lands.the purpose of applying it is to :- Increase the pH of the soil
FEW TERMS RELATED WITH RICE PROCESSING

FEW TERMS RELATED WITH RICE PROCESSING

FEW TERMS RELATED WITH RICE PROCESSING

Hulling: It is the process of removing husk and bran of the paddy in one operation.

Huller: It is a machine used for hulling purpose.

Shelling: It is the process of removing husk (also called hull) from the paddy grain. It is also called Dehusking or Husking.

Rubber roll sheller:  It is a machine using rolls, covered with rubber for shelling paddy.

Drying: The process of removal of moisture from the grain called drying. 

Brown rice: When paddy is shelled, brown coloured rice obtained. This is called brown rice.
ORGANIC FARMING

ORGANIC FARMING

ORGANIC FARMING 

Important Points

# The term "Organic' was first used by Northbourne (1940) is his book 'Look to the Land.

# Australia is the leading organic farming country in the world.

# Sikkim is the leading organic farming state in the India.

# Biodynamic farming and natueco farming are the method of organic farming.

# Rudolf Steiner is the father of biodynamic farming. 

# In India organic foods are produced as per standard of NSOP.

# NSOP stands for National Standard for Organic Production.

# NAB (National Accreditation Body) is the Apex body of organic certification in India.

# National centre for organic farming (NCOF) is located at Ghaziabad, U.P.

# National project on organic farming (NPOF) started in year 2004.

# Association for Promotion of Organic Products (APOP) is located at Bangalore.
Plant Nutrients Classification

Plant Nutrients Classification


A. General classification:

Major or macro-nutrients:
Those nutrients which are required by the plants in concentrations more than 1 ppm are termed as major or macro-nutrients. 

These are grouped in to:-
A. Basic nutrients: C, H, O Provides basic structure to plants.
B. Primary nutrient: N, P, K
C. Secondary: Ca, Mg, S

Minor or micro-nutrients:
. The elements which are required by plants in concentration less than 1 ppm are put in this category.
. They are also called as trace elements or oligo elements. These are Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Bo, Cl and Molybdenum

Immobile nutrients: 
      Ca& B 

Energy exchange: H & O

Cation nutrients: 
K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn

Anion mitrients: 
     P, B, Mo, Cl, So4

Both anion &cation form: 
N (NH4+, NO3)

Nonmetals nutrients: B

B. Other classification of plant nutrients:

Essential nutrient:
. According to Arnon & Stout there are 16 essential nutrients for plants e.g. C, H,O, NPK, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Mo, B, Zn, Cu, Cl. 

Nickel is the 17 essential element known in 1987 by Brown et al.
Topic - Soil Moisture Constants

Topic - Soil Moisture Constants

Soil Moisture Constants

Plants require adequate moisture constantly within the root zone from germination to maturity. A proper moisture balance has to be maintained for unretarded growth and development of plants at various stages. Hence, certain soil moisture contents are of particular significance in agriculture and are often called 'soil moisture constants'. 

 These soil moisture constants are explained below.

Saturation capacity: When all the pores of the soil are filled with water, the soil is said to be under saturation capacity or maximum water holding capacity. The tension of water at saturation capacity is almost zero.


Field capacity (FC): The field capacity of the soil is the moisture content after all the gravitational water is drained and the moisture content has become relatively stable. This situation usually exists two to three days after the soil has been thoroughly wetted by rainfall or irrigation. The field capacity is the upper limit of available moisture range in soil moisture and plant relations. The soil moisture tension at field capacity varies from soil to soil, but usually it is considered around 1/3 atmosphere.


Permanent wilting point (PWP): It is the soil moisture content at which plants can no longer obtain enough moisture to meet transpiration requirements, remain wilted and their growth ceases. At the permanent wilting point the films of water around the soil particles are held so tightly that roots in contact with the soil cannot remove water at a sufficient rate to meet the demand. Hence, the plant is wilted. The permanent wilting point is the lower limit of available moisture range in soil moisture and plant relations. The soil moisture tension at permanent wilting point is about 15 atmospheres.


Available water: Soil moisture between field capacity and permanent-wilting point is referred to as readily available water. It is, the moisture available for plant use. It is generally reported that the water depletion within this broadly accepted available range need not be beyond 50% for most of the crops for obtaining water at fairly sufficient rate. In general, fine-textured soils have a wide range of water between field capacity and permanent wilting point than coarse textured soils.

Topic - Terms Used in Poultry Production

Topic - Terms Used in Poultry Production

Terms Used in Poultry Production

# Hen - 
A matured female chicken generally above 20 weeks of age.

# Cock - A matured male chicken above 20 weeks of age.

# Pullet - 
A young female chicken from 9 to 20 weeks of age.

# Cockerel - 
A young male chicken from 5-8 months of age.

# Chick - 
A young male or female fowl below S weeks of age.

# Day-old chick - 
Hatched out chick is called as day-old-chick up to 24 hours.

# Grower -  
A young chick of 9lh week of 20lh week of age of either sex.

# Brood - A group of chicks of same age raised in one batch is called as a brood.

# Brooding - 
The process of rearing the young chick from day old stage to 4 to 6 weeks of age during which, heat is to be provided to keep them warm.

# Brooder -
A device for providing artificial heat to the chicks.

# Brolier - They are the hybrid chicks having rapid growth and attaining about 1.5 kg weight during the period of 6 weeks of age. Sold for table purpose within 8 to 10 weeks period. They possess a very tender and delicious meat.

# Capon -
It is a young male birds of which testicle are removed.

# Layer -
An egg laying female chicken up to one year after starting the laying of eggs.

# Broody - A hen which has stopped laying eggs temporarily.


# Clutch - 
The number of eggs laid by a bird on consecutive days. A clutch of 3-4 eggs is preferred.

# Moulting - 
The process of shading old feathers and growth of new feather in their place moulting normally occurs once in a year.

# Culling - Removal of unwanted bird from the flock is known as culling e.g. old non-laying birds, sick birds and masculine hens are removed.

# Pause -
It is the period between two clutches in which eggs are not laid by hen.

# Hen-day-production-
This is arrived by dividing total eggs laid in the season by the average number of birds in the house.

# Hen-housed-average-
 This is arrived at by dividing the total number of eggs laid in the season by the number of birds originally placed in the house.  No deductions are made for any losses from the flocks.
Topic - Fertilizer

Topic - Fertilizer

* Fertilizers:

Fertilizers are generally inorganic in origin and they supply one / more essential plant nutrients in large proportions.

*Classification of fertilizer -

A. Straight fertilizer -
Fertilizer which supply only one major plant nutrient e.g. Urea

B. Complex fertilizer -
Fertilizer which supplies two or more of the primary nutrients e.g. DAP

C. Mixed fertilizers -
Are the products made by mixing two or more fertilizer e.g. NPK 

D. Complete fertilizer -
Fertilizer having all three primary major Nutrients e.g. NPK

E. Low analysis fertilizers -
Having less than 25 % of the primary nutrient e.g. SSP

F. High analysis fertilizer -
Contains more than 25 % of the total primary nutrient e.g. Urea