होली पर किसानों को मिला कर्जमाफी का ख़ास तोहफा, 34,788 किसानों को होगा लाभ

होली पर किसानों को मिला कर्जमाफी का ख़ास तोहफा, 34,788 किसानों को होगा लाभ

महाराष्ट्र के किसानों के हित के लिए राज्य के वित्त मंत्री अजित पवार ने बजट पेश करते हुए कई अहम फैलसे लिए हैं, जिसमें किसानों की कर्ज माफ़ी पर भी फैसला लिया गया है.
राज्य की अर्थव्यवस्था में सुधार के लिए महाराष्ट्र के वित्त मंत्री अजित पवार (Finance Minister Ajit Pawar ) ने ख़ास बजट पेश किया है, जिसमें उन्होंने किसानों के हित लिए कई अहम फैसले लिए हैं. उनमें से ही एक फैसला किसानों की कर्ज माफ़ी का भी है. दरअसल, महाराष्ट्र के किसानों के लिए बेहद और ख़ास खबर है. आपको बता दें कि अब सभी कर्ज में डूबे किसानों की चिंताएं खत्म होंगी.

जी हाँ, महाराष्ट्र सरकार (Maharashtra Government ) ने यह फैसला राज्य की सभी भूमि विकास बैंक से लोन प्राप्त करने वाले किसानों के लिए लिया है. जिसमें सरकार का कहना है कि उनके इस फैसले से राज्य में करीब 34,788 किसानों के 964.15 करोड़ रुपए का कर्ज माफ किया जायेगा. अब किसानों को अपनी फसल के लिए लिया गया कर्ज का भुगतान सरकार द्वारा किया जायेगा.

किसानों के सुनहरे भविष्य के लिए सरकार ने कहा कि राज्य के बजट के अनुसार करीब 275 करोड़ 40 लाख रुपए की रकम का इस्तेमाल भूमि विकास बैंक कर्मचारियों के भुगतान के लिए किया जाएगा. वहीँ वित्त मंत्री अजित पवार ने बजट पेश (Budget Presented ) करते हुए बताया कि साल 2020 में उन्होंने पहले बजट में किसानों का लोन चुकाने के लिए 50,000 रुपए का इंसेंटिव देने की घोषणा की थी, लेकिन आर्थिक तंगी के चलते इस राशि का वितरण नहीं हो पाया था.
Plant Physiology Important Que For Jet / Pre-Pg

Plant Physiology Important Que For Jet / Pre-Pg

~ Theory of evolution was given by: Charles Darwin.

~ Photo-respiration is: Energy spending process.

~ Mass flow is affected by: Transpiration.

~ Conversion of fat to sugar occurs in: Glyoxysomes.

~ Photorespiration occurs in: Chloroplast.

~ Photosynthesis is an: Oxidation -Reduction process.

~ Photo system II is absent in: C4plants.

~ Conversion of fat into carbohydrate is in: Glyoxylate cycle.

~ Precursor of IAA is: Tryptophan.

~ Father of plant physiology is: Stephen hales. 

~ Cobalt as a constituent of: Vit. B12

~ Law of tolerance introduced by: Shelford. 

~ Glycolysis occurs in the part of cell: Cytoplasm

~ Krebs cycle & ETC occurs in: Mitochondria

~ Final product of Glycolysis is: Pyruvate.

~ Light or hill reaction takes place in: Grana of chloroplast. 

~ Dark reaction or Calvin cycle takes place in: Stroma of chloroplast. 

~ Most abundant protein in the world: Rubisco. 

~ One molecule of glucose is produced: 686 Kcal.

~ Highest water use efficiency order: CAM> C4>C3. 

~ Kranz type leaf anatomy found in: C4 plants. 

~ Calvin cycle & hatch- slack occurs in: Chloroplast. 

~ Photosynthetic rate highest in: C4 plants. 

~ Glucose is a type of sugar: Monosaccharide. 

~ Sugar which is sweetest among all sugars: Fructose. 

~ Examples of disaccharides are: Maltose, lactose, sucrose. 

~ Non reducing sugar: Sucrose. 

~ Sugar found in gernminating seeds: Maltose. 

~ Lactose (milk sugar) is a combination: Glucose + Galactose

~ Term protein was coined by: Moulder in 1840

~ The term enzyme was coined by: W. Kutins

~ Lock & key model was proposed by: Fisher

~ Term vitamin was proposed by: Funk

~ Bond that joins amino acids: Carboxyl.


Topic - Anti-transpirants

Topic - Anti-transpirants

 Anti-transpirants

 Antitranspirants are the materials or chemicals which decrease the water loss from plant leaves by reducing the size and number of stomata. Nearly 99 per cent of the water absorbed by the plant is lost in transpiration. Antiranspirants and is any natural applied to transpiring plant surfaces for reducing water loss from the plant.

There are of four types.

1. Stomatal closing type: Most of the Tran spirants occur through the stomata on the leaf surface. Some fungicides like phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA) and herbicides like Atrazine in low concentration serve as antitranspirants by inducing stomatal closing. These might reduce the photosynthesis. PMA was found to decrease transpiration than photosynthesis.

2. Film forming type: Plastic and waxy material which form a thin film on the leaf surface and result into physical barrier. For example ethyl alcohol. It reduces photosynthesis Eg. Tag 9, S – 789 foliate.

3. Reflectance type: They are white materials which form a coating on the leaves and increase the leaf reflectance (albedo). By reflecting the radiation, vapour pressure gradient and thus reduce transpiration. Application of 5 percent kaolin spray reduces transpiration losses. Eg. Diatomaceous earth product (Celite), hydrated lime, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, zincs sulphate etc.

4. Growth retardant: These chemicals reduce shoot growth and increase root growth and thus enable the plants to resist drought. They may also induce stomatal closure. Cycocel is useful for improving water status of the plant.

Topic - Seed rate of agriculture crops

Topic - Seed rate of agriculture crops


• Rice Transplanting 40kg/ha 


• Rice Broadcasting 100kg/ha 


• Rice Drilling 60kg/ha 


• Rice Dibbling 80-90kg/ha  


• Rice Depog 1.5-3kg/ha 


• Rice Hybrid 12-15kg/ha 


• Rice SRI 5-6kg/ha 


• Wheat 100-125kg/ha


• Wheat Late Sowing 125kg/ha 


• Wheat Hybrid 60-70kg/ha 


• wheat by dibbler 25-30 kg/ha


• Barley 100kg/ha 


• Barley Late Sowing 125kg/ha 


• Maize Composite 18-20kg/ha 


• Maize Hybrid 20-25kg/ha 


• Maize Fodder 40-60kg/ha 


• Sorghum 12-15kg/ha 


• Sorghum Fodder 20-30kg/ha 


• Pearlmillet 4-5kg/ha


• Pearlmillet Fodder 20-30kg/ha 


• Gram 75-80kg/ha 


• Pigeonpea 12-15kg/ha 


• Moong Kharif 12-15kg/ha 


• Moong Spring 20-25kg/ha 


• Urd Kharif 12-15kg/ha


• Urd Spring 20-25kg/ha 


• Field pea 75-80kg/ha 


• Cowpea 20-25kg/ha 


• Sunhemp 20-25kg/ha 


• Groundnut Bunch 100-120kg/ha 


• Groundnut Spreading 80-100kg/ha

 

• Mustard 4-6kg/ha 


• Linseed Small 15-20kg/ha 


• Linseed Large 25-30kg/ha 


• Soybean 75-80kg/ha 


• American Cotton 15-20kg/ha 


• Cotton Desi 12-15kg/ha 


• Cotton Hybrid 2kg/ha 


• Bt.Cotton 1.5kg/ha 


• Sunflower 6-7kg/ha 


• Sunflower Hybrids 4-5kg/ha 


• Rapseed and Mustard Pure 4-6kg/ha 


• Rapseed and Mustard Mixed 2-3kg/ha 


• Til 3-4kg/ha 


• Jute 8-10kg/ha


• Berseem Diploid 20-25kg/ha 


• Berseem Tetraploid 30-35kg/ha 


 - Lucerne 20-25kg/ha 


• Lathyrus Pure 40-50kg/ha 


• Lathyrus Mixed 8-10kg/ha 


• Lathyrus Utera 80kg/ha


• Oat Small Seeded 80-100kg/ha


• Oat Bold Seeded 100-120kg/ha 


• Tobacco 2.5-3kg/ha


• Potato 20-25 Qt


• Kodo 6-8kg/ha 


• Castor 10kg/ha


• Sugarbeet 8-10kg/ha 


• Clusterbean/Gaur 30-40kg/ha 


• Safflower 15-20kg/ha

Topic - Important Viral Disease And Vectors

Topic - Important Viral Disease And Vectors

• Aphids:🦟

* Potato virus Y
* Potato leaf roll virus
* Bean common mosaic
* Chilli mosaic
* Cucumber mosaic
* Papaya ring spot
* Katte disease of cardamom by Cardamom Mosaic Virus (CdMV)
* Citrus tristeza virus 
* Banana Bunchy top
* Barley Yellow Dwarf
* Red stripe of sorghum
* Groundnut rosette
* Pea enation mosaic
* Grassy shoot of sugarcane

• White fly🪰

* Cotton leaf curl virus
* Yellow vein mosaic of Okra
* Leaf curl malady in cotton, chilly, papaya
* African cassava mosaic
* Tomato yellow leaf curl
* Tomato mottle
* Bean golden mosaic virus

• Hoppers🦗

* Rice tungro virus
* Rice waika virus (new virus disease, found in Kyushu, Japan)
* Rice stunt
* Rice yellow dwarf
* Rice stripe
* Rice ragged stunt
* Maize streak virus
* Wound tumor virus
* Sugarcane Fiji virus
* Beet curly top virus
* Sandal spike
* Little leaf of brinjal
* Sesamum phylloidy
* Peach X disease
* Citrus stubborn
* Corn stunt 
* Grassy shoot of sugarcane

•Mealy bug

*Banana streak virus

• Psyllids

* Citrus greening
* Pear decline

• Thrips🦟

*Tomato spotted wilt virus
*Tobacco ring spot virus
*Bud necrosis of ground nut

• Mites🕷️

* Wheat streak mosaic
* Cherry mottle leaf
* Pigeon pea sterility mosaic 

Topic - Special purpose crops

Topic - Special purpose crops

 (i) Row crops: Crops which are grown in rows with uniform spacing throughout the field. e. g. cotton, castor, sorghum, etc.

 (ii) Support crops: certain fast growing crops work as supporter to vine crops. e.g. castor, shevri in betel vine, sorghum in cowpea/bean.

(iii) Wind break crops: Crops which are grown on boundaries to protect the field crops from wind.

 (iv) Cover crops: Cover crops are grown primarily to cover the soil and to reduce the lost of moisture and erosion by wind and water. e.g. groundnut, kidney bean, cowpea, mung bean.

(v) Silage crops: Crop which are preserved in a succulent condition by partial fermentation in a tight silo pit. e.g. maize, sorghum, bajra.
Agriculture exams library telegram channel

 (vi) Cash crops: crop grown for sale and brings money immediately. e.g. cotton, tobacco, potato, sugarcane.

(vii) Green manure crops: Any crop which are grown and buried into the soil for improving the soil condition by the addition of organic matter. e.g. sun hemp, dhaincha, glyricidia.

(viii) Pasture crops: Different types of vegetation found on pastures or grassland area which usually grow. e.g. dharo, zinzvo.

(ix) Catch crops: Crop which is grown as substitute for the main crop that has failed on account of unfavorable condition. e.g. cowpea, sesame, green gram.

(x) Trap crops: Crop which is grown on boundary of the field for protection against pest, insect, disease.

 (xi) Nurse crops: Crop which is used to protect or nurse the other crops in their young stage. e.g. cluster bean in ginger, sun hemp in sugarcane.

(xii) Companion crops: Two crops are taken together with the aim that they are benefited to each other. e.g. maize and green gram.

(xiii) Mixed crops : Two or more than two crops are grown together on the same piece of land at the same time. e.g. bajra + cowpea + green gram